Class 10
S. St. (Geography)
Chapter 1 Resource and Development
Page 12 Q1:
Q. Multiple choice questions:
(i) Which one of the following types of resources is iron ore?
a. Renewable
b. Biotic.
c. Flow
d. Non-renewable
(ii) Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put?
a. Replenishable
b. Abiotic
c. Human-made.
d. Non-recyclable
(iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in
Punjab?
a. Intense cultivation
b. Deforestation
c. Over irrigation
d. Overgrazing
(iv) In which one of the following states is the terrace cultivation practiced?
a. Punjab
b. Haryana
c. Plains of Uttar Pradesh
d. Uttaranchal
(v) In which one of the following states is the black soil found?
a. J & K
b. Gujarat
c. Rajasthan
d. Jharkhand
Ans.
(i) (d) Non-renewable
(ii) (a) Replenishable
(iii) (c) Over irrigation
(iv) (d) Uttarakhand
(v) (b) Gujarat
Notes
Class 10
S. St. (Geography)
Ch. 1 Resource and Development
Q. What do you mean by the resources, explain with example?
Ans.
‘Resource’:
Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, is called a resource.
A Resource can be termed as a ‘Resource' If it should be technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
Examples: minerals, forests, fossil fuels etc.
Q. Do you think that resources are free gifts of nature?
Ans.
Resources are not free gifts of nature but Resources are a function of human activities.
Human beings themselves are essential components of resources. They transform available material of our environment into resources and use them.
Classification of Resources: – We can classify the resources on many types:
(a) On the basis of origin:
1. Biotic and 2. Abiotic.
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility:
1. Renewable and 2. Non-renewable.
(c) On the basis of ownership:
1. Individual (Personal), 2. Community, 3. National and 4. International.
(d) On the basis of status and development:
1. Potential, 2. Developed, 3. Reserve and 4. Stock.
Q. Classify the resources on the basis of origin.
Ans. We can classify the resources On the basis of origin:
1. Biotic and 2. Abiotic.
1. Biotic Resources:– The living resources obtained from biosphere and have life are called Biotic Resources. Such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
2. Abiotic Resources:– The non-living resources obtained from biosphere and have no life are called Abiotic Resources, such as rocks, minerals and metals.
Q. Classify the resources on the basis of exhaustibility.
Ans.
We can classify the resources On the basis of exhaustibility:
1. Renewable or Replenishable Resources and 2. Non-renewable or Non-replenishable Resources
1. Renewable Resources or Replenishable Resources:
The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical and mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources, For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.
The renewable resource may further be divided into continuous or flow.
Non-renewable Resources:
The resources which can not be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical and mechanical processes which exhausted once and they take a long geological period of time, i.e., millions of years in their formation, are known as non-renewable or non-replenishable resources, For example, e.g., minerals, fossil’ fuels, etc.
The non-renewable resource may further be divided into cyclable and non cyclable.
Q. Classify the resources on the basis of ownership.
Ans. We can classify the resources On the basis of ownership:
1. Individual (Personal),
2. Community,
3. National and
4. International
1. Individual Resources: The resources owned privately by individuals by government against the payment of revenue are called Individual Resources e.g., own land, house; Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources ownership by individuals.
Many villages are with land ownership but many are landless. Urban people own plots, houses and other property.
2. Community Owned Resources: Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community is called Community Owned Resources, e.g., parks, playground;
Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas are accessible to all the people living there.
3. National Resources: Technically, all the resources which belong to the nation are called National Resources, e.g., roads, railways, canals, dames.
All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (19.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation.
The country also has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. Urban Development Authorities get empowered by the government to acquire land.
4. International Resources: The resources which can be regulate by the help of international institutions are called International Resources e.g., oceanic waters beyond 200 km.
The oceanic resources beyond 200km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.
Q. Classify the resources on the basis of the Status of Development.
Ans. We can classify the resources On the basis of the Status of Development:
1. Potential resources
2. Stock
3. Developed
4. Reserve
1. Potential resources: Resources which are found in a region but not in use are called Potential resources, e.g., solar energy in Rajasthan, wind in Gujarat.
Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but not developed properly.
2. Stock: Resources or materials of the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these are called stocks.
For example, water is a compound of two inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy.
But we do not have the required technical ‘know-how’ to use them for this purpose. Hence, it can be considered as stock.
3. Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed for their quality and quantity have been determined for further utilisation are called Developed Resources. The development of these developed resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.
4. Reserve: Reserves are the subset of stock which can be used with the help of existing technology, for future needs, e.g., water in the dams, forest resources.
River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently, it is being utilised only to a limited extent. Thus, the dams water, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in the future.
Q. Indiscriminately use of resources leads us to the some major problems, what are they?
Ans. It is believed that resources are free gifts of nature so that human beings used them indiscriminately. Indiscriminately use of resources led to the following major problems.
• Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
Sustainable development
Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.’
Q. Classify the resources on the basis of the Status of Development.
Ans. We can classify the resources On the basis of the Status of Development:
1. Sustainable development
Sustainable development:
Sustainable economic development means that ‘development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future generation’.
Land under important relief features in India:
Plains-43%,
Mountains-30%,
Plateaus-27%
Land Degradation:
Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it.
Measures to solve problem of land degradation:
Afforestation, proper management of grazing to control overgrazing planting of shelter belts of plants, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes, control of mining activities, avoid over-irrigation and overuse of fertilizers and pesticides;
Soil erosion:
The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is soil erosion. Reasons for soil erosion include—
(a) Human activities like deforestation, over grazing construction, mining defective method of fanning etc.;
(b) Natural forces like wind, glacier and water flow.
Types of erosion:
(a) Gully erosion. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels known as gullies. This makes the land bad land and in the Chambal basin such land is known as ravines;
(b) Sheet erosion. When top soil over large area is washed away it is known as sheet erosion.
Methods to prevent soil erosion in hilly area:
Ploughing along the contour lines-contour ploughing; terrace cultivation; strip farming and shelter belts.
Soils and its types:
- Alluvial soils: Entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. Also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. Fertile soil therefore, fit for agriculture purpose. Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
- Black soil: Black in colour and are also known as regur soils. Ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. Found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh also along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. Made up of extremely fine, i.e., clayey material. Well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
- Red and yellow soils: Found in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. Also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
- Laterite soils: Develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam. Suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers. Low Humus content because decomposers, like bacteria, get destroyed due to high temperature.
- Arid soils: Found in the western parts of Rajasthan. After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable. Lacks humus and moisture because dry climate, high temperature make evaporation faster. Salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
- Forest soils: Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. Feature differs based on location. Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. Sil in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.
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